The Tragedy of the Jim Crow Laws :: Jim Crow Laws Essays

Jim Crow laws are about force. Intensity of one race over another. These laws truly feature the blemishes and shortcoming of human instinct. One gathering of individuals stating control over another for the pride and vanity of an arrangement of governmental issues that had been vanquished at the expense of thousands of American lives during the common war. The expression Jim Crow has its beginnings of intrigue too. The translation was planned to scorn the African American by white American's in the situation of intensity. The Jim Crow laws were started after the common war during the deconstruction of the new south and they help to make a racial rank framework in the American South. These laws were ensured by the constitution and were a type of established prejudice. At the point when the Supreme Court managed on Plessy v. Ferguson the Federal Government legitimized bigotry yet under the appearance of a precept alluded to as isolated however equivalent. The Jim Crow laws were set up until the Supreme Court of 1954 tossed them out with it's decision on Brown v. The Board of Education of Topeka. This court had an alternate assessment of fairness. Not long after the Reconstruction, African Americans and whites Americans ate in similar eateries, frequently rode together in a similar railroad vehicles, utilized a similar open offices, yet didn't regularly communicate as equivalents. The advancement of huge dark networks in urban territories and the huge dark work power in industrial facilities introduced another test to white Southerners. They couldn't control these new networks in the equivalent casual manners they had the option to control country dark Americans, which were all the more legitimately reliant on white landowners and shippers (sharecropping framework) than their urban partners. In the city, blacks and whites were in more straightforward rivalry than they had been in the open country. There was more threat of social blending. The city, thusly, required unique, and all the more unbendingly organized, frameworks of control, from now on Jim Crow laws. The Jim Crow laws were a reaction to the new reality that necessar y the racial domination to move to where it would have a progressively unbending legitimate and institutional premise to hold authority over the dark populace. Why title these laws Jim Crow? The definition explains why; Jim Crow or jim crow (jã ®mâ ¹ kroâ ¹) Slang. thing The methodical act of victimizing and smothering Black individuals. descriptive word 1. Maintaining or rehearsing oppression and concealment of Black individuals: Jim Crow laws; a Jim Crow town.

Supervision and Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Oversight and Leadership - Essay Example This paper features that authority isn't about administration. Authority centers around the top line and Management centers around the main concern. While supervisors center around the numbers, pioneers center around individuals. The executives is doing things right though administration is doing the correct things. Group building and vision are the center of administration. Authority is tied in with building top performing groups, groups concentrated on achieving objectives. Pioneers can adequately convey and inspire the group to play out the set objectives. As the report stresses pioneers face the test of being a piece of a gathering while at the same time driving it. This is difficult to progress admirably and requires a blend of expertise, difficult work, activity, and attentiveness. A leader’s extreme duty is the administration of the gathering: guaranteeing security, while giving an encounter to the members. Pioneers work to make the campaign run easily and cooperate to guarantee the undertaking points are met. A decent pioneer perceives that they can't do everything and they need to include their group. Huge numbers of the leader’s duties can be assigned to individuals from the gathering. Pioneers ought to recall that for some assignments, showing is superior to clarification. Pioneers must screen progress against: the objectives, the inspiration and the eagerness of the group; the reasonableness of people for explicit employments; and numerous different things.

Introduction to statistical data analysis - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Introduction to measurable information investigation. Answer: Structure of the survey There is the solid rivalry in the aircraft business between full help bearers (FSCs) and the Low Cost Carriers (LCCs). Minimal effort administration bearers are making serious condition as the clients are requesting for the ease travel. The LCC are centered around the low costs, promptness and effortlessness and the disposition of the clients are persuaded by the respectable portrayal of the ease transporters in the business. So as to comprehend the mentality of the clients towards the ease bearers, quantitative technique explore is utilized alongside the poll study for the LCC and FSC clients (Hair et al, 2010). Structure of survey The survey incorporates 14 inquiries including open and close-finished inquiries. The survey is really significant for accomplishing the exploration goal and none of the inquiries can be avoided from the poll. It is expected that short inquiries acquire high reaction rate when contrasted with long poll. The inquiries remembered for the poll plan to assess the related knowledge with the minimal effort and full assistance bearers just as significance to each help quality perspective. In the poll, initial segment is presentation message in which the goal of study is introduced. To put it plainly, individual and exact sentences are utilized to make the respondents mindful with the target of research. Respondents will have the option to know how they will profit at long last from taking part in this particular overview. By declaring that the appropriate responses will stay private, respondents will be all the more ready to take an interest in this particular examination and will give most fair answers. In the poll hand out, respondents will be verbally acquainted with the point of the study and the members would show their character on in-flight administration quality. Along these lines, the basic portrayal serves the target of the particular research on mentality of explorers on Low cost transporters and full assistance bearers (Zeithaml, Parasuraman Berry, 2010). The survey is partitioned into two sections. The initial segment of the survey incorporates five inquiries of distinguishing proof. The target of these inquiries is to kick members off with the immediate inquiries and that don't required different musings. In the second piece of the survey, respondents are gotten some information about their observations towards the aircraft administrations. In each question, there are four targets in which respondents need to choose one choice. This area of the survey is the most significant piece of the exploration. So as to rearrange the procedure for the members, questions are classified under headings identified with the different administrations measurements in the adjusted systems. The catagories are painstakingly orchestrated by the positioning of the administration quality measurements. Alongside this, there are close-finished inquiries so as to distinguish the members. As indicated by Blumberg (2005), the structure of the survey should begi n with the general inquiries identified with the point including open-finished inquiries. The accompanying areas will talk about 14 inquiries. First area clarifies five inquiries of distinguishing pieces of proof and the pertinence of the examination. Those five inquiries are identified with the age gathering, sexual orientation, and normal yearly salary gathering, visit going via plane and level favored by the clients. In the subsequent segment, there are 9 inquiries identified with plane help involvement with which respondents can pick more than one choice (Sarstedt Mooi, 2014). Question of recognizable proof Five inquiries of recognizable proof have goal to distinguish the respondents by getting some information about the recurrence of movement, picking aircraft administrators, age and sexual orientation. All the five inquiries have target of isolate different explorers so as to answer the division related parts of changed research questions. Questions identified with seat level has the point of looking at the contrasts between the brand faithful and traitorous travelers identified with los cost and full assistance transporters. Questions identified with Airplane administration experience This particular examination will fundamentally concentrate on the quality and legitimacy saw by every respondent. There are questions identified with experience apparent by the explorers while going by minimal effort transporters. There are nine inquiries and each question has targets. Members are permitted to choose more than one choice. First inquiry is identified with the inclination of the voyagers to purchase ticket. Further, the inquiries are identified with utilizing Airline Company, trips from aircrafts, fulfillment level while utilizing explicit companys administrations (Park, 2007). In the fifth inquiry, members will be approached to indicate the purpose behind offering rating to aircraft administrations. Next inquiry incorporates different properties of the carrier administrations including ticket costs, promptness, airplane type, nature of nourishment diversion office, administration staff and flight security and respondents will be approached to rank those traits (Jensen , 2009). Next inquiry has goal to distinguish the driving components if the members pick full assistance transporters as opposed to minimal effort bearers. Finally, in the ninth inquiries, members are solicited to choose the scale from 1 to 5 to rank the minimal effort carrier components. In the scale, 1 methods factor isn't significant, 2 methods less significant, 3 methods impartial, 4 methods significant and 5 methods significant. The scale is discovered reasonable and fitting for all the inquiries identified with administration quality components of minimal effort transporter. Despite the fact that, scaling isn't fit for the division inquiries in the beginning of survey and shutting some portion of poll however, in the inquiries of positioning of the administrations, the reason for the inquiries will meet (Truong Buaphiban, 2017). Potential respondents The gathering of conventional individuals for example voyagers, understudies, businessmen will be focused for the overview of ease aircraft. The poll will by and by be conveyed among the travelers in different ease carriers. Further, some online appropriation channels for example email will be utilized for focusing on bigger example populace and number of respondents. The legitimacy of the reactions would be questionable because of potential distracted answers and control by facilitator. Alongside this, it ought to be noticed that the reaction rate in the examination is relied upon to be high when contrasted with online overviews (Peck, Olsen Devote, 2012). It is normal that around 100 passages will be cultivated. This is normal dependent on time assets and uses on the overview. The genuine execution of the overview will be acted in 6 days time span alongside 3 hours successful execution days. References Hair, J., Black, W., Babin, B., Anderson, R. (2010), Multivariable information examination, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Jensen, R. L., (2009), DELIVERING EXCELLENT SERVICE QUALITY IN LOW COST AVIATION, got to on 26th January 2018 from https://studenttheses.cbs.dk/bitstream/handle/10417/1848/rasmus_lindstroem_jensen.pdf Park, J., (2007), Passenger impression of administration quality: Korean and Australian contextual investigations: Journal of Air Transport Management, 13(4), 238-242 Peck, R., Olsen, C., Devote, J. (2012), Introduction to measurements and information examination, Boston, MA: Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning Sarstedt, M., Mooi, E., (2014), A compact manual for statistical surveying: The procedure, information and techniques utilizing IBM SPSS insights, (second), New York: Springer Truong, D., Buaphiban, T., (2017), Evaluation of travelers' purchasing practices toward minimal effort bearers in Southeast Asia: Journal of Air Transport Management, 59, 124-133 Zeithaml, V.A., Parasuraman, A., Berry, L.L., (2010), Delivering quality assistance: Balancing client recognitions and desires, New York: The Free Press

The function of the human body - Free Essay Example

Exercise represents one the highest levels of extreme stresses to which the body can be exposed. Exercise physiology is the study of the function of the human body during various acute and chronic exercise conditions. These effects are significant during both short, high intensity exercise as well as with prolonged strenuous exercise such as done in endurance sports like marathons, ultramarathons, and road bicycle racing.In exercise, the liver generates extra glucose, while increased cardiovascular activity by the heart, and respiration by the lungs, provides an increased supply of oxygen. When exercise is very prolonged and strenuous, a decline, however, can occur in blood levels of glucose. In some individuals, this might even cause hypoglycemia and hypoxemia. There can also be cognitive and physical impairments due to dehydration. Another risk is low plasma sodium blood levels.Prolonged exercise is made possible by the human thermoregulation capacity to remove exercise waste heat by sweat evaporation. This capacity evolved to enable early humans after many hours of persistence hunting to exhaust game animals that cannot remove so effectively exercise heat from their body. In general, the exercise-related measurements established for women follow the same general principles as those established for men, except for the quantitative differences caused by differences in body size, body composition, and levels of testosterone. In women, the values of muscle strength, pulmonary ventilation, and cardiac output (all variables related with muscle mass) are generally 60-75% of the exercise physiology values recorded in men. When measured in terms of strength per square centimeter, the female muscle can achieve the same force of contraction as that of a male. The functions of muscle tissues assume roles in homeostasis, as follows: Excitability Property of receiving and responding to stimuli such as the following: Neurotransmitters: Acetylcholine (ACh) stimulates skeletal muscle to contract, electrical stimuli: Applying electrical stimuli between cardiac and smooth muscle cells causes the muscles to contract, Applying a shock to skeletal muscle causes contraction, Hormonal stimuli: Oxytocin stimulates smooth muscle in the uterus to contract during labor.Contractility Ability to shorten. Extensibility Ability to stretch without damageElasticity Ability to return to original shape after extensionThrough contraction, muscle provides motion of the body (skeletal muscle), motion of blood (cardiac muscle), and motion of hollow organs such as the uterus, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and bladder (smooth muscle).Muscle tissue also helps maintain posture and produce heat. A large amount of body heat is produced by metabolism and by muscle con traction. Muscle contraction during shivering warms the body. Skeletal muscle consists of fibers (cells). These cells are up to 100 ÂÂ µm in diameter and often are as long as the muscle. Each contains sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) and multiple peripheral nuclei per fiber. Skeletal muscle is actually formed by the fusion of hundreds of embryonic cells. Other cell structures include the following:Each fiber is covered by a sarcolemma (plasma membrane). The sarcoplasmic reticulum (smooth endoplasmic reticulum) stores calcium, which is released into the sarcoplasm during muscle contraction. Transverse tubules (T tubules), which are extensions of the sarcolemma that penetrate cells, transmit electrical impulses from the sarcolemma inward, so electrical impulses penetrate deeply into the cell. Besides conducting electricity along their walls, T tubules contain extracellular fluid rich in glucose and oxygen.The sarcoplasm of fiber is rich in glycogen (glucose polymer) granules and myoglobin (oxygen-storing protein). It also is rich in mitochondria. Eac h fiber contains hundreds to thousands of rodlike myofibrils, which are bundles of thin and thick protein chains termed myofilaments. From a cross-sectional view of a myofibril, each thick filament is surrounded by a hexagonal array of 6 thin filaments. Each thin filament is surrounded by a triangular array of thick filaments.myofilaments are composed of 3 proteins: actin, tropomyosin, and troponin. Thick myofilaments consist of bundles of approximately 200 myosin molecules. Myosin molecules look like double-headed golf clubs (both heads at the same end). The heads of the golf clubs are called myosin heads; they are also called cross-bridges because they link thick and thin filaments during contraction. They contain actin andadenosine triphosphate (ATP) binding sites. Myosin heads project out from the thick filaments, allowing them to bind to the thin filaments during contraction. Actin is a long chain of multiple globular proteins, similar in shape to kidney beans. Each globular su bunit contains a myosin-binding site. Tropomyosin is a long strand of protein that covers the myosin-binding sites on actin when the muscle is relaxed. Troponin is a polypeptide complex that binds to tropomyosin, helping to position it over the myosin-binding sites on actin. During muscle contraction, calcium binds troponin, which causes tropomyosin to roll off of the myosin binding sites on actin. A muscle action potential travels over sarcolemma and enters the T tubules, causing the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium into the sarcoplasm. This triggers the contractile process.Myosin cross-bridges pull on the actin myofilaments, causing the thin myofilaments of a sarcomere to slide toward the centers of the H zones.Deep fascia is a broad band of dense irregular connective tissue beneath and around muscle and organs. Deep fascia is different from superficial fascia, which is loose areolar connective tissue.Other connective-tissue components (all are extensions of deep fascia) include epimysium, which covers the entire muscle; perimysium, which penetrates into muscle and surrounds bundles of fibers called fascicles; and endomysium, which is delicate, barely visible, loose areolar tissue covering individual fibers (ie, individual cells).Tendons and aponeuroses are tough extensions of epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. Tendons and aponeuroses are made of dense regular c onnective tissue and attach the muscle to bone or other muscle. Aponeuroses are broad, flat tendons. Tendon sheaths contain synovial fluid and enclose certain tendons. Tendon sheaths allow tendons to slide back and forth next to each other with lower friction. Tenosynovitis is inflammation of the tendon sheaths and tendons, especially those of the wrists, shoulders, and elbows. Tendons are not contractile and not very stretchy; furthermore, they are not very vascular and they heal poorly. Nerves convey impulses for muscular contraction. Nerves are bundles of nerve cell processes. Each nerve cell process (ie, axon) divides at its tip into a few to 10,000 branches called telodendria. At the end of each of these branches is an axon terminal that is rich in neurotransmitters.Blood provides nutrients and oxygen for contraction. An artery and a vein usually accompany a nerve that penetrates skeletal muscle. Arteries in muscles dilate during active muscular activity, thus increasing the supply of oxygen and glucose.A motor nerve is a bundle of axons that conducts nerve impulses away from the brain or spinal cord toward muscles. Each axon transmits an action potential (ie, nerve impulse), which is a burst of electricity. The nerve impulse travels along the axons at a steady rate, like fire travels along a fuse; however, nerve impulses travel extremely fast. Each axon has 4-2000 or more branches (ie, telodendria), with an average of 150 telodendria. Each separate branch suppl ies a separate muscle cell. Thus, if an axon has 10 branches, it supplies 10 muscle fibers. Small motor units are for fine control of muscles; large motor units are for muscles that do not require such fine control.The neuromuscular junction is made of an axon terminal and the portion of the muscle fiber sarcolemma it nearly touches (called the motor endplate). The neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction in skeletal muscle is ACh. The motor endplate is rich in thousands of ACh receptors; the receptors are integral proteins containing binding sites for ACh and sodium channels. Nerve impulse (action potential) reaches the axon terminal, which triggers calcium influx into the axon terminal.Calcium influx causes synaptic vesicles to release ACh via exocytosis. ACh diffuses across synaptic cleft.ACh binds to theACh receptor on the sarcolemma. Succinylcholine, a drug used to induce paralysis during surgery, binds to ACh receptors more tightly than ACh. Succinylcholine initially causes some depolarization, but then itbinds to the receptor, preventing ACh from binding. Therefore, it blocks the muscles stimulation by ACh, causing paralysis. Another drug that acts in a similar fashion is curare. These drugs do not cause pain relief or unconsciousness; thus, they are combined with other drugs during surgery.When ACh binds the receptor, it opens chemically regulated ion channels, which are sodium channels through the receptor molecule. Sodium, which is in high concentration outside cells and in low concentration inside cells, rushes into the cell through the channels.The cell, whose resting membrane potential along the inside of the membrane is negative when comparedwith the outside of the membrane, becomes positively charged along the inside of t he membrane when sodium (a positive ion) rushes in. This change from a negative charge to a positive charge along the inner membrane is termed depolarization.The depolarization of one region of the sarcolemma (the motor endplate) initiates an action potential, which is a propagating wave of depolarization that travels (propagates) along the sarcolemma. Regions of membrane that become depolarized rapidly restore their proper ionic concentrations along their inner and outer surfaces in a process termed repolarization. (This process of depolarization, propagation, and repolarization is similar to dominoes that topple each other but also spring back into the upright position shortly afterward.)The action potential also propagates along the membrane lining the T tubules entering the cell.This action potential traveling along the T tubules causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release calcium into sarcoplasm.Calcium binds with troponin, causing it to pull on tropomyosin to change its orien tation, exposing myosin-binding sites on actin.An ATPase, which also functions as a myosin cross-bridging protein, splits ATP into adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + phosphate (P) in the previous contraction cycle. This energizes the myosin head. The energized myosin head, or cross-bridge, combines with myosin-binding sites on actin.Power stroke occurs. The attachment of the energized cross-bridge triggers a pivoting motion (ie, power stroke) of the myosin head. During the power stroke, ADP and P are released from the myosin cross-bridge. The power stroke causes thin actinmyofilaments to slide past thick myosin myofilaments toward the center of the A bands.ATP attaches to the myosin head again, allowing it to detach from actin. (In rigor mortis, an ATP deficiency occurs. Cross-bridges remain, and the muscles are rigid.)ATP is broken down to ADP and P, which cocks the myosin head again, preparing it to perform another power stroke if needed. Repeated detachment and reattachment of the cross-bridges results in shortening without much increase in tension during the shortening phase (isotonic contraction) or results in increased tension without shortening (isometric contraction).Release of the enzyme acetylcholinesterasein the neuromuscular junction destroys ACh and stops the generation of a muscle action potential. Calcium is taken back up (resequestered) in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, and myosin cross-bridges separate. ATP is required to separate myosin-actin cross-bridges. The muscle fiber resumes its resting state. The chemical energy that fuels muscular activities is ATP. For the first 5 or 6 seconds of muscle power, muscular activity can depend on the ATP that is already present in the muscle cells. Beyond this time, new amounts of ATP must be formed to enable the activation of muscular contractions that are needed to support longer and more vigorous physical activities. For activities that require a quick burst of energy that cannot be supplied by the ATP present in the muscle cells, the next 10-15 seconds of muscle power can be provided through the bodys use of the phosphagen system, which uses a substance called creatine phosphate to recycle ADP into ATP.4 For longer and more intense periods of physical activity, the body must rely on systems that break down the sugars (glucose) to produce ATP. The complete breakdown of glucose occurs in 2 ways: through anaerobic respiration (does not use oxygen) and through aerobic respiration (occurs in the presence of oxygen). The anaerobic use of gluc ose to form ATP occurs as the body increases its muscle use beyond the capability of the phosphagen system to supply energy. In particular, the glycogen lactic acid system, through its anaerobic breakdown of glucose, provides approximately 30-40 seconds more of maximal muscle activity. For this system, each glucose molecule is split into 2 pyruvic acid molecules, and energy is released to form several ATP molecules, providing the extra energy. Then, the pyruvic acid partially breaks down further to produce lactic acid. If the lactic acid is allowed to accumulate in the muscle, one experiences muscle fatigue. At this point, the aerobic system must activate.The aerobic system in the body is used for sports that require an extensive and enduring expenditure of energy, such as a marathon race. Endurance sports absolutely require aerobic energy. A large amount of ATP must be provided to muscles to sustain the muscle power needed to perform such events without an excessive production of l actic acid. This can only be accomplished when oxygen in the body is used to break down the pyruvic acid (that was produced anaerobically) into carbon dioxide, water, and energy by way of a very complex series of reactions known as the citric acid cycle. This cycle supports muscle usage for as long as the nutrients in the body last. The breakdown of pyruvic acid requires oxygen and slows or eliminates the accumulation of lactic acid. In summary, the 3 different muscle metabolic systems that supply the energy required for various activities are as follows: Phosphagen system (for 10- to 15-sec bursts of energy)Glycogen lactic acid system (for another 30-40 sec of energy)Aerobic system (provides a great deal of energy that is only limited by the bodys ability to supply oxygen and other important nutrients) Many sports require the use of a combination of these metabolic systems. By considering the vigor of a sports activity and its duration, one can estimate very closely which of the en ergy systems are used for each activity. During muscular exercise, blood vessels in muscles dilate and blood flow is increased in order to increase the available oxygen supply. Up to a point, the available oxygen is sufficient to meet the energy needs of the body. However, when muscular exertion is very great, oxygen cannot be supplied to muscle fibers fast enough, and the aerobic breakdown of pyruvic acid cannot produce all the ATP required for further muscle contraction. During such periods, additional ATP is generated by anaerobic glycolysis. In the process, most of the pyruvic acid produced is converted to lactic acid. Although approximately 80% of the lactic acid diffuses from the skeletal muscles and is transported to the liver for conversion back to glucose or glycogen, some lactic acid accumulates in muscle tissue, making muscle contraction painful and causing fatigue. Ultimately, once adequate oxygen is available, lactic acid must be catabolized completely into carbon dioxide and water. After exercise has stopped, extra oxygen is required to metabolize lactic acid; to replenish ATP, phosphocreatine, and glycogen; and to replace (pay back) any oxygen that has been borrowed from hemoglobin, myoglobin (an iron-containing substance similar to hemoglobin that is found in muscle fibers), air in the lungs, and body fluids. The additional oxygen that must be taken into the body after vigorous exercise to restore all systems to their normal states is called oxygen debt. The debt is paid back by labored breathing that continues after exercise has stopped. Thus, the accumulation of lactic acid causes hard breathing and sufficient discomfort to stop muscle activity until homeostasis is restored.5 Eventually, muscle glycogen must also be restored. Restoration of muscle glycogen is accomplished through diet and may take several days, depending on the intensity of exercise. The maximum rate of oxygen consumption during the aerobic catabolism of pyruvic acid is called maximal oxygen uptake. Maximal oxygen uptake is determined by sex (higher in males), age (highest at approximately age 20 y), and size (increases with body size). Highly trained athletes can have maximal oxygen uptakes that are twice that of average people, probably owing to a combination of genetics and training. As a result, highly trained athletes are capable of greater muscular activity without increasing their lactic acid production and have lower oxygen debts, which is why they do not become short of breath as readily as untrained individuals. The best examples of light exercise are walking and light jogging. The muscles that are recruited during this type of exercise are those that contain a large amount of type I muscle cells, and, because these cells have a good blood supply, it is easy for fuels and oxygen to travel to the muscle. ATP consumption makes ADP available for new ATP synthesis. The presence of ADP (and the resulting synthesis of ATP) simulates the movement of hydrogen (H+) into the mitochondria; this, in turn, reduces the proton gradient and thus stimulates electron transport. The hydrogen on the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is used up, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) becomes available, and fatty acids and glucose are oxidized. Incidentally, the calcium released during contraction stimulates the enzymes in the Krebs cycle and stimulates the movement of the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT-4) from inside of the muscle cell to the cell membrane. Both these exercise-induced respo nses augment the elevation in fuel oxidation caused by the increase in ATP consumption. An increase in the pace of running simply results in an increased rate of fuel consumption, an increased fatty acid release, and, therefore, an increase in the rate of muscle fatty acid oxidation. However, if the intensity of the exercise increases even further, a stage is reached in which the rate of fatty acid oxidation becomes limited. The reasons why the rate of fatty acid oxidation reaches a maximum are not clear, but it is possible that the enzymes in the beta-oxidation pathway are saturated (ie, they reach a stage in which their maximal velocity [Vmax] is less than the rate of acetyl-coenzyme A [acetyl-CoA] consumption in the Krebs cycle). Alternatively, it may be that the availability of carnitine (the chemical required to transport the fatty acids into the mitochondria) becomes limited. Whatever the reason, the consequence is that as the pace rises, the demand for acetyl-CoA cannot be me t by fatty acid oxidation alone. The accumulation of acetyl-CoA that was so effective at inhibiting the oxidation of glucose is no longer present, so pyruvate dehydrogenase starts working again and pyruvate is converted into acetyl-CoA. In other words, more of the glucose that enters the muscle cell is oxidized fully to carbon dioxide. Therefore, the energy used during moderate exercise is derived from a mixture of fatty acid and glucose oxidation. As the intensity of the exercise increases even further (ie, running at the pace of middle-distance races), the rate at which the muscles can extract glucose from the blood becomes limited. In other words, the rate of glucose transport reaches Vmax, either because the blood cannot supply the glucose fast enough or the number of GLUT-4s becomes limited. ATP generation cannot be serviced completely by exogenous fuels, and ATP levels decrease. Not only does this stimulate phosphofructokinase, it also stimulates glycogen phosphorylase. This m eans that glycogen stored within the muscle cells is broken down to provide glucose. Therefore, the fuel mix during strenuous exercise is composed of contributions from blood-borne glucose and fatty acids and from endogenously stored glycogen.Being fit (biochemically speaking) means that the individual has a well-developed cardiovascular system that can efficiently supply nutrients and oxygen to the muscles. Fit people have muscle cells that are well perfused with capillaries (ie, they have a good muscle blood supply). Their muscle cells also have a large number of mitochondria, and those mitochondria have a high activity of Krebs cycle enzymes, electron transport carriers, and oxidation enzymes. Individuals who are unfit must endure the consequences of a poorer blood supply, fewer mitochondria, less electron transport units, a lower activity of the Krebs cycle, and poorer activity of beta-oxidation enzymes. To generate ATP in the mitochondria, a steady supply of fuel and oxygen and decent activity of the oxidizing enzymes and carriers are needed. If any of these components are lacking, the rate at which ATP can be produced by mitochondria is compromised. Under these circumstances, the production of ATP by aerobic means is not sufficient to provide the muscles with sufficient ATP to sustain contractions. The result is anaerobic ATP generation using glycolysis. Increasing the flux through glycolysis but not increasing the oxidative consumption of the resulting pyruvate increases the production of lactate. The purpose of respiration is to provide oxygen to the tissues and to remove carbon dioxide from the tissues. To accomplish this, 4 major events must be regulated, as follows: Pulmonary ventilation. Diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the alveoli and the blood, Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood and body fluids and to and from the cells, Regulation of ventilation and other aspects of respiration: Exercise causes these factors to change, but the body is designed to maintain homeostasisWhen one goes from a state of rest to a state of maximal intensity of exercise, oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide formation, and total pulmonary and alveolar ventilation increase by approximately 20-fold. A linear relationship exists between oxygen consumption and ventilation. At maximal exercise, pulmonary ventilation is 100-110 L/min, whereas maximal breathing capacity is 150-170 L/min. Thus, the maximal breathing capacity is approximately 50% greater than the actual pulmo nary ventilation during maximal exercise. This extra ventilation provides an element of safety that can be called on if the situation demands it (eg, at high altitudes, under hot conditions, abnormality in the respiratory system). Therefore, the respiratory system itself is not usually the most limiting factor in the delivery of oxygen to the muscles during maximal muscle aerobic metabolism. VO2 max is the rate of oxygen consumption under maximal aerobic metabolism. This rate in short-term studies is found to increase only 10% with the effect of training. However, that of a person who runs in marathons is 45% greater than that of an untrained person. This is believed to be partly genetically determined (eg, stronger respiratory muscles, larger chest size in relation to body size) and partly due to long-term training. Oxygen diffusing capacity is a measure of the rate at which oxygen can diffuse from the alveoli into the blood. An increase in diffusing capacity is observed in a state of maximal exercise. This results from the fact that blood flow through many of the pulmonary capillaries is sluggish in the resting state. In exercise, increased blood flow through the lungs causes all of the pulmonary capillaries to be perfused at their maximal level, providing a greater surface area through which oxygen can diffuse into the pulmonary capillary blood. Athletes who require greater amounts of oxygen per minute have been found to have higher diffusing capacities, but the exact reason why is not yet known. Although one would expect the oxygen pressure of arterial blood to decrease during strenuous exercise and carbon dioxide pressure of venous blood to increase far above normal, this is not the case. Both of these values remain close to normal. Stimulatory impulses from higher centers of the brain and from joint and muscle proprioceptive stimulatory reflexes account for the nervous stimulation of the respiratory and vasomotor center that provides almost exactly the p roper increase in pulmonary ventilation to keep the blood respiratory gases almost normal. If nervous signals are too strong or weak, chemical factors bring about the final adjustment in respiration that is required to maintain homeostasis. Regular exercise makes the cardiovascular system more efficient at pumping blood and delivering oxygen to the exercise muscles. Releases of adrenaline and lactic acid into the blood result in an increase of the heart rate (HR). Basic definitions of terms are as follows:VO2 equals cardiac output times oxygen uptake necessary to supply oxygen to muscles. The Fick equation is the basis for determination of VO2. Exercises increase some of the different components of the cardiovascular system, such as stroke volume (SV), cardiac output, systolic blood pressure (BP), and mean arterial pressure. A greater percentage of the cardiac output goes to the exercising muscles. At rest, muscles receive approximately 20% of the total blood flow, but during exercise, the blood flow to muscles increases to 80-85%. To meet the metabolic demands of skeletal muscle during exercise, 2 major adjustments to blood flow must occur. First, cardiac output from the heart must increase. Second, blood flow from in active organs and tissues must be redistributed to active skeletal muscle. Generally, the longer the duration of exercise, the greater the role the cardiovascular system plays in metabolism and performance during the exercise bout. An example would be the 100-meter sprint (little or no cardiovascular involvement) versus a marathon (maximal cardiovascular involvement). The cardiovascular system helps transport oxygen and nutrients to tissues, transport carbon dioxide and other metabolites to the lungs and kidneys, and distribute hormones throughout the body. The cardiovascular system also assists with thermoregulation.The pumping of blood by the heart requires the following 2 mechanisms to be efficient:Alternate periods of relaxation and contraction of the atria and ventriclesCoordinated opening and closing of the heart valves for unidirectional flow of blood The cardiac cycle is divided into 2 phases: ventricular diastole and ventricular systole.This phase begins with the opening of the atrioventricular (AV) valves. The mitral valve (located between the left atrium and left ventricle) opens when the left ventricular pressure falls below the left atrial pressure, and the blood from left atrium enters the left ventricle.Later, as the blood continues to flow into the left ventricle, the pressure in both chambers tends to equalize.At the end of the d iastole, left atrial contractions cause an increase in left atrial pressure, thus again creating a pressure gradient between the left atrium and ventricle and forcing blood into the left ventricle.Ventricular systole begins with the contraction of the left ventricle, which is caused by the spread of an action potential over the left ventricle. The contraction of the left ventricle causes an increase in the left ventricular pressure. When this pressure is higher than the left atrial pressure, the mitral valve is closed abruptly.The left ventricular pressure continues to rise after the mitral valve is closed. When the left ventricular pressure rises above the pressure in the aorta, the aortic valve opens. This period between the closure of the mitral valve and the opening of the aortic valve is called isovolumetric contraction phase.The blood ejects out of the left ventricle and into the aorta once the aortic valve is opened. As the left ventricular contraction is continued, 2 process es lead to a fall in the left ventricular pressure. These include a decrease in the strength of the ventricular contraction and a decrease in the volume of blood in the ventricle.When the left ventricular pressure falls below the aortic pressure, the aortic valve is closed. After the closure of the aortic valve, the left ventricular pressure falls rapidly as the left ventricle relaxes. When this pressure falls below the left atrial pressure, the mitral valve opens and allows blood to enter left ventricle. The period between the closure of the aortic valve closure and the opening of the mitral valve is called isovolumetric relaxation time. Right-sided heart chambers undergo the same phases simultaneously. Most of the work of the heart is completed when ventricular pressure exists. The greater the ventricular pressure, the greater the workload of the heart. Increases in BP dramatically increase the workload of the heart, and this is why hypertension is so harmful to the heart.Arterial BP is the pressure that is exerted against the walls of the vascular system. BP is determined by cardiac output and peripheral resistance. Arterial pressure can be estimated using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope. The reference range for males is 120/80 mm Hg; the reference range for females is 110/70 mm Hg. The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure is called the pulse pressure. The average pressure during a cardiac cycle is called the mean arterial pressure (MAP). MAP determines the rate of blood flow through the systemic circulation.During rest, MAP = diastolic BP + (0.33 X pulse pressure). For example, MAP = 80 + (0.33 X [120-80]), MAP = 93 mm Hg. During exercise, MAP = diastolic BP + (0.50 X pulse pressure). For example, MAP = 80 + (0.50 X [160-80]), MAP = 120 mm Hg. The heart has the ability to generate its own electrical activity, which is known as intrinsic rhythm. In the healthy heart, contraction is initiated in the sinoatrial (SA) node, which is often called the hearts pacemaker. If the SA node cannot set the rate, then other tissues in the heart are able to generate an electrical potential and establish the HR.The parasympathetic nervous system and the sympathetic nervous system affect a personsHR. Parasympathetic nervous system: The vagus nerve originates in the medulla and innervates the SA and AV nodes. The nerve releases ACh as the neurotransmitter. The response is a decrease in SA node and AV node activity, which causes a decrease in HR. Sympathetic nervous system: The nerves arise from the spinal cord and innervate the SA node and ventricular muscle mass. The nerves release norepinephrine as the neurotransmitter. The response is an increase in HR and a force of contraction of the ventricles.At rest, sympathetic and parasympathetic n ervous stimulation are in balance. During exercise, parasympathetic stimulation decreases and sympathetic stimulation increases. Several factors can alter sympathetic nervous system input.Baroreceptors are groups of neurons located in the carotid arteries, the arch of aorta, and the right atrium. These neurons sense changes in pressure in the vascular system. An increase in BP results in an increase in parasympathetic activity except during exercise, when the sympathetic activity overrides the parasympathetic activity. Chemoreceptors are groups of neurons located in the arch of the aorta and the carotid arteries. These neurons sense changes in oxygen concentration. When oxygen concentration in the blood is decreased, parasympathetic activity decreasesand sympathetic activity increases. Temperature receptors are neurons located throughout the body. These neurons are sensitive to changes in body temperature. As temperature increases, sympathetic activity increases to cool the body and to reduce internal core temperature.SV is controlled by end-diastolic volume, average aortic BP, and the strength of ventricular contraction. End-diastolic volume: This is often referred to as the preload. If the end-diastolic volume increases, the SV increases. With an increased end-diastolic volume, a slight stretching of the cardiac muscle fibers occurs, which increases the force of contraction. Average aortic BP: This is often referred to as the afterload. The BP in the aorta represents a barrier to the blood being ejected from the heart. The SV is inversely proportional to the aortic BP. During exercise, the afterload is reduced, which allows for an increase in SV. Strength of ventricular contraction: Epinephrine and norepinephrine can increase the contractility of the heart by inc reasing the calcium concentration within the cardiac muscle fiber. Epinephrine and norepinephrine allow for greater calcium entry through the calcium channels in cardiac muscle fiber membranes. This allows for greater myosin and actin interaction and an increase in force production.Venoconstriction occurs as a response to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. Sympathetic stimulation constricts the veins that drain skeletal muscle. This causes greater blood to flow back to the heart.The muscle pump is the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscle that compresses the veins and thus drains the skeletal muscle. This causes greater blood flow back to the heart. The muscle pump is very important during both resting and exercise conditions. During exercise, the respiratory pump helps increase venous return. The pressure within the chest decreases and abdominal pressure increases with inhalation, thus facilitating blood flow back to the heart. Because of the increased respira tory rate and depth of breathing during exercise, this is an effective way to increase venous return. The circulatory system is a closed-loop system, and flow through the circulatory system is the result of pressure differences between the 2 ends of the system, the left ventricle (90 mm Hg) and the right atrium (approximately 0 mm Hg). Systemic blood flow affects hemodynamics. The control of blood flow during exercise is extremely important to ensure that blood and oxygen are transported to the tissues that need them most. Blood flow to tissues is dependent on the relationship between BP and the resistance provided by the blood vessels. Blood flow at rest is equal to the change in pressure divided by the resistance of the vessels (ie, BF = P/R, where BF is blood flow, P is pressure, and R is resistance). Blood flow during exercise is regulated by changing BP and altering the peripheral resistance of the vessels. The pressure change at rest in the cardiovascular system is 93 mm Hg, as follows: Mean aortic pressure = 93 mm Hg, mean right atrial pressure = 0 mm Hg, and driving pressure in the system = 93 mm Hg. During exercise, BP increases so that blood flow through the body increases. Blood flow is also increased during exercise by decreasing the resistance of the vessels in the systemic circulation of active skeletal muscle. Resistance is determined by the following formula: Resistance = (length of tube X viscosity of blood)/radius. Changing the radius of the vessels has the most profound effect on blood flow. Doubling the radius of a blood vessel decreases resistance by a factor of 16. Decreasing the radius of a blood vessel by half increases resistance by a factor of 16. The arterioles have the most control over blood flow in the systemic circulation. The changes in oxygen delivery to muscle during exercise are: BP increases as exercise intensity increases, rising from approximately 120 mm Hg to approximately 200 mm H, SV increases during exercise until 40% of VO2max (maximum oxygen uptake level) is reached, rising from approximately 80 mL/beat to approximat ely 120 mL/beat, HR increases with intensity until VO2max is reached,rising from approximately 70 beats per minute to approximately 200 beats per minute, Cardiac output increases with intensity until VO2max is reached, rising from approximately 5 L/min to approximately 25-30 L/min. The arterial-venous oxygen difference is the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood as it passes through the capillary bed. This difference rises from approximately 4 mL of oxygen per 100 mL of blood at rest to approximately 18 mL of oxygen per 100 mL of blood during high-intensity aerobic exercise.At rest, 15-20% of blood goes to skeletal muscle; during exercise, this amount increases to 80-85%. The percentage of blood to the brain decreases, but the absolute amount increases. The same percentage of blood goes to cardiac muscle, but the absolute amount increases. Blood flow to visceral tissues and inactive skeletal muscle reduces. In addition, the cutaneous blood flow initially decreases, but it later increases during the course of exercise.The redistribution of the blood is brought about by several mechanisms. During exercise, generalized vasodilatation occurs because of the accumulation of vasodilatory metabolites. This leads to a decrease in the peripheral resistance, which, in turn, elicits a strong increase in the sympathetic activity through the activation of baroreceptors. The increase in sympathetic activity leads to vasoconstriction in the visceral organs, whereas the vasodilatation predominates in the blood vessels of the muscles and the coronary circulation because of the local vasodilatory metabolites. The cutaneous blood vessels initially respond to the sympathetic activity by vasoconstriction. As the exercise continues, temperature reflexes are activated and cause cutaneous vasodilatation to dissipate the heat produced by the muscle activity, resulting in an increase in the cutaneous blood flow. The local blood flow is controlled by chemical factors, metabolites, paracrines, physical factors such as heat or cold, stretch effects on endothelial membrane, active hyperemia, and reactive hyperemia. The paracrine regulation is mainly regulated by nitric oxide, histamine release, and prostacyclin. Nitric oxide diffuses to smooth muscle and causes vasodilation by reducingcalcium entry into smooth muscle.HR and blood flow are controlled by various centers in the brain. These centers receive input from receptors located throughout the body. The centers work to initiate the appropriate response from tissues and organs in the body. Aerobic exercise requires oxygen to be present for the generation of energy from fuels such as glucose or glycogen. Aerobic exercise results in no buildup of lactic acid as a result of metabolism. This process is more efficient than anaerobic metabolism. During normal rest and aerobic exercise, carbohydrates and fats are used as fuels. A high degree of aero bic fitness requires a well-adapted ability to take in, carry, and use oxygen. Laboratory measurements are most accurate, but they are expensive. An individuals fitness level may be estimated according to these measurements. Anaerobic exercise produces lactic acid and is usually of short duration. Anaerobic exercise is high intensity and has a greater inherent risk of injury. Individuals who are unfit have a lower anaerobic threshold than athletes who are aerobically trained. The well-trained athlete may be able to approach 80% of the VO2max aerobically without lactate production. The usual VO2 measurements are in L/min; however, if the size of the individual needs to be accounted for, the measurements may be in mL/kg/min. The values for the average person aged 20 years are 37-48 mL/kg/min. Male athletes who are highly trained may approach measurements in the high 70s to low 80s. Training enhances the ability of the body, in particular the muscle cells, to better handle oxygen. Musc le must be able to use oxygen efficiently to keep anaerobic metabolism at a given level of effort to a minimum. Cardiac output is a major determinant of oxygen uptake. VO2max declines with age as the maximum HR declines. This is one of the major factors causing the approximately 7% decline with each decade of life after age 30 years. Muscle training and use of oxygen at the end organ, muscle, is the second factor that affects oxygen uptake. The arterial-venous oxygen difference comes about as a combination of arterial oxygen content, shunting of blood to muscles, and the muscle extraction of oxygen. Training results in a more efficient heart and an increase in the maximum SV. An increase in VO2 results in an ease in the stress of a given workload. When maximum SV is increased, the heart can work more efficiently at a given pulse rate. This lessens the necessity of an increased pulse at a given workload. Resting pulse is lower, as is the pulse at any given workload. One metabolic uni t (MET) equals the VO2 at rest. The estimate of the value of one MET is 3.5 mL of oxygen per kg/min. Conversion of VO2 measurements may be obtained by dividing the value of the VO2 in mL of oxygen per kg/min by the value of one MET or 3.5. For example, a VO2 measurement of 35 mL of oxygen per kg/min is equivalent to an output of 10 METs. Cardiovascular changes during isometric exercise differ from those during dynamic exercise. Static exercise causes compression of the blood vessels in the contracting muscles, leading to a reduction in the blood flow in them. Therefore, total peripheral resistance, which normally falls during dynamic exercise, does not fall and may, in fact, increase, especially if several large groups of muscles are involved in the exercise. The activation of the sympathetic system with exercise thus leads to an increase in HR, cardiac output, and BP. Because the total peripheral resistance does not decrease, the increase in HR and cardiac output is less and an increase in the systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure is more compared with those seen with dynamic exercise. Because BP is a major determinant of afterload, the left ventricular wall stress, and thus the cardiac workload, is significantly higher during static exercise compared with the cardiac workload achieved during dynamic exer cise.In most cases, the SV plateaus at a VO2 of approximately 40-60% of the maximum. This applies to both trained and untrained males and females. The SV for untrained males may approach 100-120 mL/beat/min. For trained males, this value is 150-170 mL/beat/min. For highly trained athletes, maximal SV may reach or even exceed 200 mL/beat/min. The values for women are lower than those for men. Maximal SV for untrained women is usually between 80 mL/beat/min, and for trained women, itisusually between100 mL/beat/min. These changes translate into an increase in the circulation blood volume and in cardiac output, with a corresponding decrease in the resting HR and the resting and exercise BP. The heart undergoes certain morphologic changes in response to chronic exercise, commonly seen via echocardiography. These morphologic changes define what is commonly referred to as an athletic heart. Athletic heart syndrome is characterized by hypertrophy of the myocardium (ie, an increase in the m ass of the myocardium). Although the hypertrophy in athletes heart is morphologically similar to that seen in patients with hypertension, several important differences exist. In contrast to the hypertension-induced hypertrophy, the hypertrophy in the athletic heart is noted in absence of any diastolic dysfunction, with a normal isovolumetric relaxation time, with no decrease in the peak rate of left ventricular filling, and with no decrease in the peak rate of left ventricular cavity enlargement and wall thinning. Because the wall stress in the athletes heart is normal, sometimes the hypertrophy seems to be disproportionate to the level of resting BP. In addition, the rate of decline in the left ventricular hypertrophy and mass is much more rapid when the training is stopped compared with the regression in the same parameters in treated hypertension. On average, the decline in these parameters is seen 3 weeks after stopping exercise, and these morphologic changes can be seen on echo cardiograms. Sometimes, these morphologic changes are confused with the changes seen in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). A few important morphologic differences exist. In athletic heart syndrome, the hypertrophy is usually symmetrical, as opposed to the asymmetrical hypertrophy in HCM. Also, the left ventricular size isgenerally normal or increased, and the left atrial size is normal, as opposed to a small left ventricular cavity with a larger left atrial cavity size (usually 4.5 cm) in HCM. Despite these differences, sometimes making a distinction between 2 conditions is a challenge. Exercise is accomplished by alteration in the body response to the physical stress (exercise physiology). These responses to exercise include an increase in the HR, BP, SV, cardiac output, ventilation, and VO2. The metabolism at the cellular level is also modulated to accommodate the demands of exercise. These changes occur temporarily during the exercise. Long-term changes also occur in the body metabolism and function.

The Last Man, By Thomas Campbell Essay - 1698 Words

The Earth’s apparent boundary between tangible existence and conceptual objectives consequently ignites curiosity throughout humanity, while the beckoning of man-kind’s search for reason throughout the unexplained components of life, thus, has become inevitable. In contrasting demeanor, some individual beings have lavished in the comfort that is granted to them through faith and religion. The repression of one’s inquisitive behavior reaps growth in acceptance of trivial mysteries regarding life. Likely, human reactions to genuine solitude vary and are ultimately subjective in accordance to each human’s differing perception. Debuting during the Revolutionary era in literature, â€Å"The Last Man† by Thomas Campbell embraced societal speculation, and provided interesting documentation that regarded the termination of the human race. The narrator of Campbell’s poem, who presumably lacks the mortal conditions of the human species, garners a pessi mistic outlook upon the forced separation between he and all mortal beings. Opposing Campbell’s dreary attitudes on the topic, Wordsworth delivered a speaker within his poem titled â€Å"I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud† who insistently, and gleefully observed and portrayed nature from an area of chosen detachment. Within these poems, Wordsworth and Campbell centralized the concept of the complete isolation of man from all but the nature that surrounds him. 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Feminism Of An Hour And Charlotte Perkins Gilman s The...

Evelyn Gomez Mrs. Kehrmeyer AP English 11 3 December 2014 Feminism in the 1960 s Feminism is the push for woman’s rights considering their political, social and economic equality to men. The feminist movement of the 1960 s demonstrated how women demanded equal rights since they wanted to be included into the world around them not only as mothers and house wives but as a vital part society. Women realized there were more opportunities for them in the world rather than staying home cleaning and taking care of their children. Some women wanted to self-govern and be free from the control and influence of this patriarchal society. At this realization many woman took extreme measures to no longer live in the society they had once accepted and cherished and went against everything they once believed in to demonstrate their point. Kate Chopin s The Awakening, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and Charlotte Perkins Gilman s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† expose their views on feminism and demonstrate the patriarchal society their stories were set in and reveals how cultural roles, subjectivity, and the psychological state of women at that time stood and changed. Cultural Roles are the roles that change as one s culture does including political and social conflicts such as the feminist movement. 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Loy Yang A at Dispute with Employees

Question: Discuss about theLoy Yang A at Dispute with Employees. Answer: A for The Australian Power plant workers of Loy yang A are at the face of huge pay cuts. Fair Work Commission decided to terminate enterprise agreement leading to a huge blow on power plant workers. The agreement currently governs the remunerations of 570 workers and according to Geoff Dyke, secretary of The Victorian mining and energy division, CFMEU, these workers may face about 65% pay cut (Lazaro Wright, 2016). There had been a long-standing dispute between the union members of CFMEU working at the company and AGl Loy Yang A regarding pay raise. These workers rejected about 20% pay raise twice as the conditions of the agreement would reduce number of staff at the workstation in weekends. In response to these arguments, the CFMU called for a strike in December last year and during Christmas Eve the stopped work for an hour (Toscano, 2016). General Manager of AGL Loy Yang A, Steve Rieniets said in his earlier statements that it was astonishing that Union could encourage its members to reject a pay raise of 20% in such economic conditions. Mr. Rieniets also rejected the claims of 65% pay cut and said that the company do not plan to cut wages below market rate. According to him, the dispute is not about the wages but is concerned with the working conditions (PALMER, 2016). The dispute had been going on for 18 months and the FWC had been called multiple times to intervene. The question arises is that how much fair the judgment was towards the union employees? The termination of the agreement would undoubtedly put the employees into jeopardy as they lost security from the agreement. This power station supplies about 30% of the total power supplied to Victoria State. In the context of these arguments, AGL threatened to lock out the employees entirely after which the union abandoned their plans for continued strike. Had they carried out their plans Victoria State would have faced huge power cuts (Toscano, 2016). Although according to energy market expert, Bruce Mountain the strike would not have affected the power supply significantly as schools and business organizations are closed during Christmas holidays. The planned strike would have ensured the Australian Energy market that they would successfully import power from other states to Victoria. In additi on, other working plants would have supplied electricity to the state as well. However, during peak season such a strike would have had a huge impact on the state (Asher, 2017). It had been unwise for the union members to not take the proposed pay raise as they have lost the argument and the agreement that provided them protection is now null and void. They are now facing possible pay cuts despite companys assurance of maintaining market price rate for wages. The termination of old agreement provides AGL with new opportunity to revise new terms with the union. This will help them to stay in market competition as well. Deputy President Richard Clancy said that he is hopeful about the new agreement condition and that the terms will take account of the benefit of both the company and the workers ("Union action takes state closer to power disruption | AGL", 2017). In the wake of Latrobe Valley power plant shutdown plan set in March, there had been an increased pressure on Loy Yang A company already. Such a shutdown would leave hundreds of workers unemployed. These conditions may influence the union and encourage the members to negotiate new terms keeping in mind the interest of both parties. It is left to see what terms and conditions the parties come up with to maintain good faith between union and company. EDITORIAL B for the Financial Review AGL wins Industrial Dispute: Workers to face Pay cuts. A long standing industrial dispute between power giant AGL Loy Lang A and the Construction Forestry Mining and Energy Union (CFMEU) had been resolved on a winning note for AGL. The fair work commission of Australia ruled that the previous agreement providing protection to 570 workers at the power plants who are also union members would be cancelled and order for new agreement to be created has been passed (GALLOWAY, 2016). For past 18 months, the union members were at a state of argument with Loy Yang A company over wages and working conditions. They repeatedly rejected AGLs offer of 20% pay raise and reduced work force in such a declining economic condition (STEVENS, 2016). According to Geoff Dyke, secretary of The Victorian mining and energy division, CFMEU, these workers may face about 65% pay cut. The highest paid unit controllers who earn about $3,000 per week, their pay may be reduced to $1,000 per week, leading to a loss of $100,000 per year. Last December the union threatened to strike for 24 hours but abandoned the plans as the company threatened to lockout the entire workforce from the unit in return (Toscano, 2017). General Manager of AGL Loy Yang A, Steve Rieniets, declined the claims of 65% pay cuts and said that the company plans to maintain the current market rate for wagers in next three months until a new agreement is devised. On a previous occasion, he accepted that it was astonishing for him that union could encourage the workers to reject offers of 20% pay hike in such tiring economic times. When the Victorian Labor government of Joan Kirner started privatization of power plants in 1990, in the Latrobe Valley, 15,000 jobs were lost. From 1990 to 2005, jobs declined from 21,500 to 8000. The union was destroying the jobs in the state for decades and continues to do so in the present times. The company is looking for reducing its overtime remuneration by half the previous value from $20 million per year to $10 million. They also proposed reduction in workforce in order to maintain workforce related costs. This was a huge blow on the workers. However, due to the fact that the previous agreement is now void, there are opportunities to negotiate new terms with the workers. Deputy President Richard Clancy is hopeful about the new agreement condition and the prospect that the terms of the new agreement will take account of the benefit of both the company and the workers (Grenfell, 2017). The remunerations of the power plant workers stand between $70,000 and $180,000 per year and according to Mr. Rieniets, the wages are well within the market price. Hence, it was unreasonable for the workers to reject the proposal of 20% pay raise from the company ("Union action takes state closer to power disruption | AGL", 2017). Undoubtedly, it had been a foolish move by the workers seeing that they lost the dispute in this case and new agreement require to be formed. It is yet to see what new agenda the company has in its sleeves while forming the agreement and what reaction the union would give to it. The plant provides 30% of the states university and strikes would have lead to significant energy deficiencies and increased power cuts. In turn the locking out of entire workforce would have led to redundancy in jobs in the market as well. The FWAs decision to disregard the previous agreement and order for new agreement helped in avoiding such issues. Stipulations of workfore reduction still stay in the picture due to the cancellation of the previous agreement. It is yet left to see the terms and conditions the parties come up with in order to maintain good faith between union and company. References: Asher, N. (2017). Loy Yang A power plant workers face huge pay cuts after AGL wins industrial dispute. ABC News. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-01-13/agl-loy-yang-a-workers-face-huge-pay-cuts-after-fair-work-ruling/8180302 GALLOWAY, A. (2016). Loy Yang power plant workers told by CFMEU to reject total 20 per cent pay rise over four years. Herald Sun. Retrieved from https://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/victoria/loy-yang-power-plant-workers-told-by-cfmeu-to-reject-total-20-per-cent-pay-rise-over-four-years/news-story/5b22fa02c593e0f4d5168729cf1aa408 Grenfell, O. (2017). Industrial court endorses massive pay cuts at Australian power station. World Socialist Website. Retrieved from https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2017/01/13/loyy-j13.html Lazaro, K. Wright, P. (2016). Planned union strike at Victoria's Loy Yang power station called off. ABC News. Retrieved from https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-12-15/planned-strike-loy-yang-called-off/8122784 PALMER, D. (2016). AGLs Loy Yang dispute escalates. The Australian. Retrieved from https://www.theaustralian.com.au/business/agls-loy-yang-dispute-escalates/news-story/26629b61bb67190a4bece12214fbd2f9 STEVENS, G. (2016). Jobs under threat at Loy Yang. Latrobe Valley Express. Retrieved from https://www.latrobevalleyexpress.com.au/story/3502091/jobs-under-threat-at-loy-yang/ Toscano, N. (2016). AGL power plant dispute 'threatens energy supplies. The Sydney Morning Thread. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace-relations/agl-power-plant-dispute-threatens-energy-supplies-20160924-grnkux.html Toscano, N. (2016). Christmas Day power strike threat: Loy Yang staff vote for action. The Sydney Morning Thread. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace-relations/christmas-day-power-strike-threat-loy-yang-staff-vote-for-action-20161220-gtf59p.html Toscano, N. (2017). AGL victory at power plant serves up massive pay cut to workers. The Sydney Morning Thread. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace-relations/agl-victory-at-power-plant-serves-up-massive-pay-cut-to-workers-20170112-gtqk4y.html Union action takes state closer to power disruption | AGL. (2017). Agl.com.au. Retrieved 30 January 2017, from https://www.agl.com.au/about-agl/media-centre/article-list/2016/october/union-action-takes-state-closer-to-power-disruption